Emmanuel Macron’s attempt to raise France’s state retirement age has triggered nationwide protests and hundreds of arrests.
Roads have been blocked in Paris and other major cities, while rubbish piles up on the streets as refuse workers walk out over the pension reforms.
Unions are holding their first mass strike on Thursday, with gas refineries, ports, train and bus stations blockaded over the changes.
It comes after the government invoked article 49.3 – allowing it to push the changes through the National Assembly without a vote.
Here, Sky News explains why the reforms have sparked demonstrations and looks at how France’s situation compares to other European countries, including the UK.
How is travel affected on Thursday?
French airports will be hit, with Paris Orly airport seeing its schedule of flights reduced by 30% according to the Directorate General for Civil Aviation (DGAC).
Eurostar announced eight of its trains would be suspended as it runs a revised timetable.
French domestic travel will also take a hit. SNCF, France’s state-owned railway company, said to expect severe disruption with reduced TGV, TER and Intercite services.
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Rubbish piles up in after Paris protests
Paris metro and other modes of public transport will be hit as transport workers take to the picket lines.
The foreign office is advising travellers to check with their operator before setting off.
What is the retirement age in France – and how is it changing?
France’s state retirement age is 62 – much lower than many of its European neighbours. In the UK it’s 66, Germany and Italy 67, and Spain 65.
French workers can receive a state pension from the age of 62, but it will be less if that person has not made the required number of contributions.
Aged 67, they are entitled to the full state pension regardless of their contributions.
Mr Macron’s changes will see the age that workers can receive a state pension increase to 64.
This will be done gradually by three months a year from September 2023 until September 2030.
The number of years someone will have to make contributions to get the full state pension will increase from 42 to 43 in 2027.
What is article 49.3 and why did Macron use it?
Article 49.3 is a part of the French constitution that enables a government to pass a law without a vote by MPs in the National Assembly.
It was introduced by Charles de Gaulle in 1958 to bring about greater political stability and expand government powers.
It has been used more than 80 times since its inception, most notably by former socialist prime minister Michel Rocard 28 times between 1988 and 1991 under then president Francois Mitterrand.
Mr Macron’s former prime minster Edouard Philippe tried to use it for pension reform in March 2020 but failed when the COVID pandemic broke out.
The French president’s current PM, Elisabeth Borne, announced the proposed pension changes on 10 January.
Just minutes before they were due to be voted on in the National Assembly this month, she announced they would be forced through with Article 49.3 instead, causing outrage.
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French MPs’ singing in protest inside parliament
This is because her and Mr Macron’s En Marche party lost their absolute majority at last year’s election and they had no guarantee of getting it through, despite it passing in the Senate.
The 2020 bid to change the pension system had already failed and resulted in the longest strikes in French history.
What is Macron’s argument?
France’s generous welfare state has long weighed heavily on the economy and workforce.
In the third quarter of 2022, national debt stood at 113.4% of GDP – more than in the UK (100.2%), Germany (66.6%), and similar to struggling economies like Spain (115.6%) and Portugal (120.1%).
It also means the workforce is shrinking. There are only 1.7 workers for every pensioner in France, down from 2.1 in 2000.
“This is Macron’s flagship policy,” Da S Bell, emeritus professor of French government and politics at the University of Leeds, tells Sky News.
“He wants to push it through before he steps down at the end of this term.
“But the problem isn’t an immediate crisis – it’s a future burden based on economic projections. It’s the opposite to the way politics works, which is to focus on the immediate, headline-grabbing issues.
“His argument is that unless these reforms are made, and the French working life is made longer, the country won’t be able to afford it.”
Addressing strikes on French TV, Mr Macron argued: “This reform isn’t a luxury, it’s not a pleasure, it’s a necessity. The longer we wait, the more [the deficit] will deteriorate.”
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‘Tricky situation for Macron’
‘Heated and passionate’ issue
France has enjoyed a lower-than-average retirement age since the Mitterrand presidency in the 1980s, when it was brought down to 60.
Since then, along with favourable unemployment benefits and the 35-hour working week, it has become a staunchly defended “right” in the eyes of the public.
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Demonstrators rally against pension changes on the Place de la Concorde in Paris
Professor Bell says: “The expectations of the French state are different to the ones in the UK.
“It’s expected that the state has certain functions and duties and pulling the rug out from under that, has seen people asking. ‘Well, why do that?'”
There is also a degree of doubt over the reliability of economic forecasts, he adds.
For years, politicians have tried and failed to get pension reform through in the hope of improving public finances.
In 1995, Jacques Chirac faced mass strikes and was ultimately unsuccessful. His successor Nicolas Sarkozy succeeded in increasing retirement age from 60 to 62 in 2010, but faced a huge backlash.
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French police pepper spray protesters in Paris
French commentator Agnes Poirier says: “The French are very fortunate and probably don’t realise how fortunate they are.
“This would just put France closer into line with its European neighbours.
“But pension reform is a very heated and passionate topic in France, probably because most people here – apart from the very, very rich – rely on state pensions.
“There is no such thing as the indiual private schemes you get in the UK or the US.”
What happens now?
When the government invokes Article 49.3 MPs can trigger a vote of no confidence.
Two motions were tabled – but neither passed.
Only 278 MPs, mainly from the left and far right of French politics, voted for the first, falling just short of the 287 needed to bring down the government.
The second from Marine Le Pen’s far-right National Rally party also failed.
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In his TV address, Mr Macron said the reforms would have to be adopted “by the end of the year”.
But they will need to pass through the Constitutional Council once they review them in the coming weeks.
Meanwhile, the strikes continue, with major cities and public services paralysed.
Both Professor Bell and Ms Poirier say the economic justification for pension reform has not been communicated effectively to the public or MPs by Mr Macron and his team.
“Tinkering with the pension system requires a degree of persuasion the government hasn’t demonstrated yet,” adds Professor Bell.
